Biomedical Imaging in Neurodegeneration

This new volume focuses on the bioimaging of Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and the epilepsies, presenting the latest in the technologies that diagnose and treat the person who has the disease, enabling personalized medicine. The book presents chapters on the “know-how” of the technologies, the nanotechnologies and functional nuclear and molecular imaging of neurodegenerative early and late-stage biomarkers. Technology has evolved in conceptual, theoretical and empirical leaps and bounds. A metallopolymer of the tau peptide is imaged online in PD subjects with nanoprobe biosensors, trademarked BRODERICK PROBE® via neuromolecular imaging (NMI), a non-nuclear potentiometry that enables algorithms for walking and hand mobility patterns and hypokinetic dysarthria in PD patients is detected using Conventional Neural Networks (CNN). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) in degenerative parkinsonism and related disorders differentially diagnose PD from essential tremor, (ET), parkinsonian syndrome, (PS) and dystonia tremor (DT) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes including multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are also differentiated from Atypical PD. Approaches to imaging both pre- and post-synaptic function highlight molecular nuclear imaging via 18F-DOPA PET/SPECT imaging in PD and intraoperative images of neocortical Tau in the epilepsy patient are recorded with NMI guided by iMRI by Broderick nanoprobes. Subclinical Epileptiform Activity (SAE) of the AD patient is introduced as a likely phenotype for epilepsy in the AD patient whereas a stimulation paradigm, used in the brainstem of diabetic subjects, links to degenerative neuropathy. The profundity of epilepsy disorders such as in status epilepticus (SE) are reported as Increased T2 or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) in MRI. Childhood tuber and focal cortical dysplasia are shown by high AMT uptake on PET imaging, introducing the PET tracer alpha[11C]-methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) to intractable epileptogenesis while proton magnetic resonance spectrometry (MRS) delves into the Alzheimer patient to image N-acetyl aspartate for one example. Finally, natural cannabis compounds (CBD), as their biochemistry relate to Aß peptide via the Wnt/ß-catenin and other intriguing signalling pathways, are discussed in-depth. The book is a textbook for those who seek advice about tracer probes and sensor probes for the dementia diseases related to AD. The reader shall find the book, all encompassing and hopefully, it shall embrace all to the vitality of the issue of neurodegeneration in the human and the humanoid.